Abusing power

Abusing of power Introduction Handing too much power can gain lots of benefits to organizations' own. People would be define that power are an evil force which can only compromise and obedience. If not Justify the power for an organization, corrupt and uncooperative works could be occurred. Such a view, Prefer (1992, pop), noted that while held by many, ignore the social reality that organizations cannot function effectively because of abusing of power. This issue tells the characteristics that organizations or people who abused power would have and measures the power are good using or abused.Analysis Power is an authority use to influence others that who are independent in circumstance. It can act In any direction in an organization, clearly members at higher levels have more power. Members who abused power, means the power acted in an improper way, due to the members have power that over others in the situation. They try to use their unique ablest such as physical strength, social position, knowledge, superior mental dexterity or partner trust to uses that power to harm or exploit people who are not Influenced. Organizational politics are Informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objective. † (Brandon, R & Salesman, M. , 2004). Actually, organizational politics are closely related to abuse of power in theory. The writer considered that while interest are eventually inconsistent, â€Å"rational† decision making alone may not work as common. Hence, political behavior and influences tactics might occurred.Organizations may use these disapproved tactics to pursue not-sanctioned outcome, leads to abusing of power. Gangs and Murray did a survey of 428 managers that would like to response explain the ambivalence of power In organizations. This survey Improved the upper part of the Issue that organizational politics and power abusive are related. In th e concept, most author, the writer Includes, regard organizational politics as the use or exercise of power, with it define as potential force as well.The survey noted that 55% of these respondent think that politics were detrimental to efficiency, and most of the top management should try to get avoid of politics in organizations Offer Gangs and Victor V, Murray, 1980, IPPP-IPPP People would also suggest that means and ends of the organizational politics could be ambivalence because of the processes and trainees may produce an outcome they desirable or totally opposite result arises. In addition, for the related point which the issue proposed, the view from which people estimate organizational decisions generally do not Justice to the realities of the social environment. The Impeachment of Tony Blair would form a fitting end too prime minister ship which opened with the promise to be ‘purer than pure', but ended in the arrogant deception of the British people. This ancient fo rm of trial, which has lain disused but not defunct In the armory with which we defend our liberties, Is the means by which Parliament can humble a chief minister who has arrogated forms which ought to have restrained him. â€Å"(Spectator, 2004). There is no doubt that influence and power could be exercised and gained for evil purpose.Tony Blair has a number of lines of defenses to make people compromise him that reads the evidence presented by Adam Price, acted in good faith to convince them and, he bring up a right result, even if the reasons which he declared for doing it were wrong. This showed up Tony Blair abusing of his power with a sanction ends but unacceptable means. The means to any ends are merely way to complete something and the end ay not always Justify the means, though none of it would like to discredit the political activities.Political activities and power courses can be used to complete great things, but when other people use these power to against one selves t arget, it may be define as power abusive. To discuss how organizational politics would abuse power, Machiavellian (Christie & Gets, 1970), as the harder side of the politics, explain the mainly concept about how people who abused power would be in fact. It often called Mach, is a personality feature which is characterized with the use of operation to gain power.The term derives from the 16th-century writings of the Italian civil servant Niccole Machiavelli, a person who concerned that how people win others' social influence and the capacity to manipulate them Cones, Daniel N. ; Phallus, Deadly L. , 2009, pappy-273). It could be define as ‘low Mach's' and ‘high Mach's' which also separate people who are highly act as a Machiavellian or Just have a trend of it. Hover ever, both high Mach's and low Mach's are using undesirable means to achieve the ends they wanted, no matter it would expense the others.But compared with low Mach's, high Mach's individuals are more likely to exploit and manipulate others (House & Howell, 1992, IPPP-108), which causes this trait especially relevant for knowing as abusive supervisors. (Machiavellian in Organizations: Justifying the Means by the Ends, 2010) found that high Mach's are those who would be persuade others more than low Mach's but not easily persuaded, because of eventually high Mach's are self-esteem and self-confidence. What's more, they considered highly to manipulate other and succeed in reaching their goals and tend to win more.People who are high Mach tend to be unattached, cool, calculated and find means to exploit loose construction or vulnerability in people. High Mach's parade in face-to-face settings that are finite structure and rules and while emotions owns not much value to achieve their goal. As a result, high Mach's are best accord with professions that acquired their ‘do whatever it takes' attitude such as staff for sales offer higher commission. (Hitler – A Modern Machiavellian P rince, 2011) mentioned that Doll Hitler is a symbol person who related to high Mach's. He deem that people to scare or hate of him are better than adore him.This concept may reflects to unattached and cool feature of Machiavellian to abuse their power. For instance, Jews are despite by Hitler, his actions confirm Machiavellian theory because he was scared by millions of people around the whole social world but also he was the only one controlled power. Indeed, study by Dialing and colleagues (2009, pappy-257) also proved that high Mach's have interpersonal acts akin to harm other and abuse power. Hitler gone to such an extent to complete his political ends that he had the holocaust arise, killing over six million Jews in a variety of concentration camps and hungers.The fact refers to high Mach's act very much for their own self- order to achieve one's goal are presented as characteristic of Machiavellian as well. Nazi party, which set up by Hitler, act as a high Mach's behavior and matched with the theory of grouping people. According to Doll Hitler, it is exactly high Mach's would not feel guilty about the social tactics they utilized, from their characteristics, the writer considered that they are likely to use their over power such as cruelness to other and form alliances to treat people to compliance and after all, due to abusive the power.Though the ends are reasonable or not, people must be not abused their rower to gain their self-interest, all in all, it is, unfair of any of people. Summary Russell Cropland, K. &Michele Kumar (1995, pappy-837) said that â€Å"Given the power of the fair and moral social identity to prevent power erosion, it is in each member's long term best-interest to protect their identity. † From the previous detail that the writer mentioned, it may know power is a force which people use to influence others and it could be define as using good of it and, abuse of it as the topic mainly tells about.Abusing of power is related to organizational politics, measured by influence means and ends. Machiavellian, a concept by Machiavelli, typically notes people act in not-sanctioned means to achieve a ends, no matter it is good or not because high Mach's are only finding the ends for their self-interest and pointed out they are abused power. As the Russell K & Michele Camas's thoughts, power should be divided by each organization or people with following the rational rules of the world, if not, then relationship of the social system would be depreciate and it may affect that works inefficiency as well.

Bygone Ohio

The first poem talks about the beauty of Ohio with its people living happily in the comfort of beautiful scenery and clean environment as reflected by the artificial water fall coming out from a pipe connected with the main sewer, the river and the railroad. The poet recalls in his vivid memories how at once he sat on the railroad not far from that ‘waterfall’, just above the main sewer overlooking the river with a ferry traversing on it. But now, as he walks around, that beauty is gone. What the poet sees are the remains of the beauty that he too had enjoyed in the past.What are left are broken walls with lots of cracks, â€Å"while grimed trees and oil cans liters just around. The river fast flowing clean water has now become a lost bath tub. The poet summons up colorfully in his memory the once beautiful Ohio perhaps during his youthful days, but the beauty that the poet once admired is now a Bygone memory of those old men of Winnebago. The wild grimed trees, the cra cks on walls of abandoned barns and the lost bathtub are now just a gleam remains that reminds the old folks of the former beauty of Ohio.The first poem is full of descriptive words describing the beauty of Ohio and the peaceful atmosphere the people enjoyed. The scenic description of the environment reveals that Ohio has not been touched yet by the arms of industrialization. The old men can enjoy the fresh air and the peaceful environment not being crowded by buildings, and individualism and the consumerism culture have not taken its stall yet with the people. The poem uses the elements of poetry to strongly illustrate the impact of utter neglect of the environment for the sake of commercialization or industrialization.The first poem used poetical words such as â€Å"shining water fall out the pipe as somebody might gouge through the slanted earth† to describe clean environment where people actively participated on it. The next four lines of the poem talk about these environ mental interaction. The poem goes as he said, â€Å"Quickened the river with the speed of light and the light caught there, the solid speed of their lives in that waterfall,† where people enjoyed the benefits of the clean and simple environment.The second poem is the reverse scenario of the first poem. The songs of the men of old Winnebago has gone. The clean environment which is reflected by the shining water fall out of the pipe from the main sewer is gone too and is now replaced by oil cans Littering just at the very place where the shining water fall was.. The once river bang filled with people perhaps doing picnics and swimming, is now empty. What was left are â€Å"cold balloons† of lovers. The river which once enjoyed by the people is now â€Å"a body of a lost bath tubs.†The proud houses which once stood nicely along specific places apart from each one as they have relatively small population of only one thousand six hundred families were now abandoned w ith walls each has crack and the trees that serves as shades, are now wiled and grim. The proud houses that once stood nicely as nobody are dwelling in the once beautiful place are gone. In the first poem, the author expressed his feeling and memories of the beautiful Ohio with such poetical description as men of Winnebago singing â€Å"shining† water fall out of the pipe, Martins ferry, my home, my native country, quickened river, with the speed of light.† All these reveal that the author is proud of Ohio. But the second poem also reveals the author’s disappointment about utter neglect and abandonment of this once beautiful place. The author picturesquely describe what it has now turn perhaps after a long years being away. What he now sees are broken walls, wild grim trees, oil cans that litters around and the empty river bang which were at once full of people happily interacting with the environment. Perhaps some lovers are dating and enjoying the scenic beauty of the river, others are swimming while still others are doing family picnic and some maybe fishing.All these are now gone and the author feels lonely as if the place is a cemetery. In the two poems, I like best the first one as it gives me mental picture of what it looks like for most cities now crowded not only with mix races of people but also with tall buildings too. Although the second poem depicts reality in most places but it always good to see nice places, I mean scenic environment. It made me feel good to imagine of fresh air, waterfall, clean river where everybody can swim or fish and lots of trees that provides shadow. The first poem provides the reader a positive imagination that creates interests in such kind of place.The second one creates a feeling of regret, a feeling of frustration and anger why the people allow the deterioration of the beauty of their place. Since most people would not like bad news, or bad place, as it also create negative feeling or bad impressi on, I would rather say that I like and I favor the first poem. It makes me feel good and leave positive outlook not only on environment but in my own life particularly to environmental protection and to those who work hard for this cause. I think I owe them something that I need to do something. That is for the protection of the environment.

Black Plague

Since the Europeans lacked medical knowledge, the Plague caused hysteria and hopelessness to spread across Europe. Therefore the Europeans turned to the one stable unit in their lives, the Church. The Europeans lack of medical knowledge really hurt them. They had all types of perceived causes and treatments that they thought would work. People just kept dying and they couldn’t find a cure for something that they didn’t know the cause. According to Heinrich Truchess von Diessenhoven, Jewish people were one perceived cause that the Europeans believed. They spread a rumor that the Jews poisoned the wells and rivers for people had â€Å"confessed† to the crime. The Report of the Paris Medical Faculty states another perceived cause to be the configurations of the heavens and the major conjunction of three plants in Aquarius to be blamed. Another excerpt states that an earthquake that occurred on St. Paul’s day in 1347 corrupted and infected the air above the earth and killed people in various parts of the world. In the excerpt from an anonymous poem, the vices rule is indicted as a cause. The Europeans tried many treatments in which most of them failed. However, Lisavetta Centenni wrote that her husband, Ottavio, had a fatal fever. She believed he would die but Sister Angelica sent her a little piece of bread that had touched the body of St. Domencia. Her husband was a lucky one and his fever broke. Other methods didn’t work so well and patients died anyway. For example, H. de Rochas, a French physician states that patients would hang toads around their neck either dead or alive, in which they believed the venom would draw out the poison of the disease. Furthermore William Zouche, an Archibishop of York, wrote to his official that he believes the plague was surely caused by the sins of men so in order to stop the plague they should pray to the Almighty God and ask him to drive away the infection. In addition Dom Theophilus of Milan, a priest, suggests a few things to do if a person is struck by the plague. First let him gather as much as he can of bitter hatred towards the sins he committed, and the same quantity of true sorrow of heart, and mix the two into an ointment with tears. That is just one example of his unrealistic treatments. As you can see now this is why the plague had spread and killed so many people. The lack of medical knowledge led to hysteria in Europe as well. The first example is a letter from a schoolmaster saying the plague had taken twenty of the boys and this kept people from coming to them at all. The plague affected the education of the people as well. The hysteria only got worse. Heinrich von Laden stated that people were dying in their own houses of starvation for they were so afraid to leave and get food, and if a person had died within their home they were buried there. Imagine being as afraid as to leave your home, children must’ve been terrified. Then people started turning to more murderous options. According to the ‘Motto of Giovan Filippo, Sicilian physician of Palermo,’ gold, fire, and the gallows were being used. The gold was used for income for the pest houses to quarantine the sick, the gallows to punish those who violated the health regulations and bonfires to eliminate the infected. People were just turning to anything to try and get rid of this horrid plague. In an English Puritan’s diary, the father Nehemiah Wallington writes, â€Å"Who would I be willing to give up to the disease? Then would I say the maid. Who next? My son John. Who next? My daughter Elizabeth. Who next? Myself. People were going mad in their homes, and willing to give up anyone but themselves. I don’t even know if I’d be able to keep my head either. The document from Heinrich Truchess von Diessenhoven comes up again for the hysteria was causing people to spread rumors that really hurt the Jew’s reputation and caused a huge decline in their population. Even some people confessed to it because they were starting to actually believe the untrue rumors. Some Christians confessed that the Jews had induced them to carry out the deeds. Even though an excerpt from an anonymous poem argues that everyone should rejoice with each other. People were obviously not listening to that poem if they were pointing out certain people who â€Å"caused† the plague. I already spoke about Dom Theophilus’ ridiculous methods of getting rid of the plague but I just wanted to bring it up again to show how hysterical people were getting by making up absurd remedies like that. Therefore, Europeans suffered greatly from this plague and lost a third of their population which is 25 million people. I would’ve liked to see a death chart rate over the years in Europe. With all of this death and exposure education and centralization was very hard to recover. Even through all of this havoc the people always turned to the church in their time of need. An example is Lisavetta Centenni, an Italian housewife, whose husband survived from the blessed piece of bread from St. Domencia. It was probably out of luck, or good immune system that helped him survive, but people looked at this in a very serious and reliable manner. Furthermore, Father Dragoni states he has accompanied danger with compassion and charity and paid guards and gravediggers with alms the lordships sent him. They depended a lot on alms and holy charities would help. The Church not only had a religious role but a secular one as well. Peasants were taught how to farm and how to use tools. Noble’s daughters were taught to farm as well. As I mentioned before, William Zouche said that people believed that if they prayed to the Almighty One, he would stop the spread of the plague and go to church every Wednesday and Friday. Once again, the document with Dom Theophilus of Milan appears for he believed if you used these remedies you could save yourself. Overall, you could see how important the Church was to the people. The lack of medical knowledge really didn’t help the Europeans against the plague. It led to hysteria and all kinds of disasters. The people turned to the Church in a time of need, but even the Church was little help in this catastrophe. The Bubonic Plague still exists in countries today but with our advanced medical knowledge, people can get the right medical attention and medication they need. Doctors never want to have a repeat in history like the Black Plague in Europe and lose millions of people again. Black Plague Since the Europeans lacked medical knowledge, the Plague caused hysteria and hopelessness to spread across Europe. Therefore the Europeans turned to the one stable unit in their lives, the Church. The Europeans lack of medical knowledge really hurt them. They had all types of perceived causes and treatments that they thought would work. People just kept dying and they couldn’t find a cure for something that they didn’t know the cause. According to Heinrich Truchess von Diessenhoven, Jewish people were one perceived cause that the Europeans believed. They spread a rumor that the Jews poisoned the wells and rivers for people had â€Å"confessed† to the crime. The Report of the Paris Medical Faculty states another perceived cause to be the configurations of the heavens and the major conjunction of three plants in Aquarius to be blamed. Another excerpt states that an earthquake that occurred on St. Paul’s day in 1347 corrupted and infected the air above the earth and killed people in various parts of the world. In the excerpt from an anonymous poem, the vices rule is indicted as a cause. The Europeans tried many treatments in which most of them failed. However, Lisavetta Centenni wrote that her husband, Ottavio, had a fatal fever. She believed he would die but Sister Angelica sent her a little piece of bread that had touched the body of St. Domencia. Her husband was a lucky one and his fever broke. Other methods didn’t work so well and patients died anyway. For example, H. de Rochas, a French physician states that patients would hang toads around their neck either dead or alive, in which they believed the venom would draw out the poison of the disease. Furthermore William Zouche, an Archibishop of York, wrote to his official that he believes the plague was surely caused by the sins of men so in order to stop the plague they should pray to the Almighty God and ask him to drive away the infection. In addition Dom Theophilus of Milan, a priest, suggests a few things to do if a person is struck by the plague. First let him gather as much as he can of bitter hatred towards the sins he committed, and the same quantity of true sorrow of heart, and mix the two into an ointment with tears. That is just one example of his unrealistic treatments. As you can see now this is why the plague had spread and killed so many people. The lack of medical knowledge led to hysteria in Europe as well. The first example is a letter from a schoolmaster saying the plague had taken twenty of the boys and this kept people from coming to them at all. The plague affected the education of the people as well. The hysteria only got worse. Heinrich von Laden stated that people were dying in their own houses of starvation for they were so afraid to leave and get food, and if a person had died within their home they were buried there. Imagine being as afraid as to leave your home, children must’ve been terrified. Then people started turning to more murderous options. According to the ‘Motto of Giovan Filippo, Sicilian physician of Palermo,’ gold, fire, and the gallows were being used. The gold was used for income for the pest houses to quarantine the sick, the gallows to punish those who violated the health regulations and bonfires to eliminate the infected. People were just turning to anything to try and get rid of this horrid plague. In an English Puritan’s diary, the father Nehemiah Wallington writes, â€Å"Who would I be willing to give up to the disease? Then would I say the maid. Who next? My son John. Who next? My daughter Elizabeth. Who next? Myself. People were going mad in their homes, and willing to give up anyone but themselves. I don’t even know if I’d be able to keep my head either. The document from Heinrich Truchess von Diessenhoven comes up again for the hysteria was causing people to spread rumors that really hurt the Jew’s reputation and caused a huge decline in their population. Even some people confessed to it because they were starting to actually believe the untrue rumors. Some Christians confessed that the Jews had induced them to carry out the deeds. Even though an excerpt from an anonymous poem argues that everyone should rejoice with each other. People were obviously not listening to that poem if they were pointing out certain people who â€Å"caused† the plague. I already spoke about Dom Theophilus’ ridiculous methods of getting rid of the plague but I just wanted to bring it up again to show how hysterical people were getting by making up absurd remedies like that. Therefore, Europeans suffered greatly from this plague and lost a third of their population which is 25 million people. I would’ve liked to see a death chart rate over the years in Europe. With all of this death and exposure education and centralization was very hard to recover. Even through all of this havoc the people always turned to the church in their time of need. An example is Lisavetta Centenni, an Italian housewife, whose husband survived from the blessed piece of bread from St. Domencia. It was probably out of luck, or good immune system that helped him survive, but people looked at this in a very serious and reliable manner. Furthermore, Father Dragoni states he has accompanied danger with compassion and charity and paid guards and gravediggers with alms the lordships sent him. They depended a lot on alms and holy charities would help. The Church not only had a religious role but a secular one as well. Peasants were taught how to farm and how to use tools. Noble’s daughters were taught to farm as well. As I mentioned before, William Zouche said that people believed that if they prayed to the Almighty One, he would stop the spread of the plague and go to church every Wednesday and Friday. Once again, the document with Dom Theophilus of Milan appears for he believed if you used these remedies you could save yourself. Overall, you could see how important the Church was to the people. The lack of medical knowledge really didn’t help the Europeans against the plague. It led to hysteria and all kinds of disasters. The people turned to the Church in a time of need, but even the Church was little help in this catastrophe. The Bubonic Plague still exists in countries today but with our advanced medical knowledge, people can get the right medical attention and medication they need. Doctors never want to have a repeat in history like the Black Plague in Europe and lose millions of people again. Black plague

Vocational research paper on a career - lawyer Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vocational on a career - lawyer - Research Paper Example The certificate is called pre-law degree. The training is available at universities or law schools. An individual practicing to be a lawyer must pass through the Bar examination, ethics examination and graduate from a law school (The Lawyers Almanac 2011: The Leading Reference of Vital Facts and Figures about the Legal Profession 301). Education requirement for practicing lawyers is set by each school and normally the fees charged for the training ranges from & $150,000 to over $200, 000. In addition, the entry in the bar examination depends on each state’s bar association. The duration taken to study law differ in countries and law schools. An example is that, in the UK, it is: The LLB is 3 years, and the LLM is one year course. Conversely, in the US: A J.D. will take three years to complete after you have spent four years completing a bachelors degree (Walton 95). There are different kinds of lawyers amongst them judicial clerks being paid an average of $54,000, Prosecutors $35,000 to $90,000, public defender $35,000 to $57,000, and federal government lawyer $ 62, 467 as of 2012(The Authoritative Guide Careers for the Year 2000 and Beyond: Everything You Need to Know to Find the Right Career 118). Law as a profession also has various prominent personalities who act as a role model to aspiring lawyers to be. They are Nelson Mandela, Gandhi, Fidel Castro, Dick Button and Jeffrey Chodorow (Basu 192). Demand of people in the profession of law is rather disturbing since most law schools are producing an excess of graduates lawyers. These lawyers are not proportionated with the available employment opportunities available in the nation and the result is unemployment for most graduates lawyers and decreased pay as there are many lawyers available in the market (Occupational Outlook Handbook 256). In conclusion, law is a extremely essential profession since it is

Evaluating training, development and learning and their importance at Assignment

Evaluating training, development and learning and their importance at work - Assignment Example or effective and competent employees who can innovative and sustain those innovations through their abilities and respond to the changing environment in a favorable manner. As such, training and development form the cornerstone of success for both the employee’s and the organization’s career. Training in simple words is a tool which aims at enhancing the current knowledge, skill set, abilities and competencies of people to achieve some specific outcomes. Built around specific result expectation, it takes the form of an organized activity with structured and successive stages in between which tend to impart technical, managerial, and inter-personal and such other know-how to the employees. Overall, such skills enable a candidate to better his /her performance through careful decision making and analysis capabilities. In the words of Flippo, â€Å"training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skills of an employee for doing a particular job†. Planned and strategic training programme at work results in the creation of intellectual capital which often supplies competitive advantage to organizations (Noe 2010). With human resources shifting its focus from traditional to strategic viewpoint, need and rationale for training at work puts on greater numbers. Globalization, competition, productivity, quality, cost effectiveness and a lot more have made the training platform more complicated and urgent too (Blanchard & Thacker 2004:117). The foremost concern is to strike a balance between proactive and reactive training measures to be adopted in response to market forces. Factors creating urgency in the rationale of training are: Technology can spell success or failure for a organization and this depends upon how competent and skilled the workforce is in handling the technology and also getting adapted to the fast paced changes taking place. Globalization rests on the continuous development in technology and it automatically calls for a proportionate increase in

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Responding to argument - Essay Example While a group of people consider homosexuality as part of what God has intended for some people in the time of creation, some others consider all kinds of sexual orientation and its practical aspects as part of human freedom and susceptibility to sin. Naturally, the former group tries to justify homosexual tendencies as normal and not something to be cured, while the latter seek religious and other sorts of help to cure themselves of this ‘disease’. Fr.Hopko tries to substantiate the orthodox position with the help of scriptures. He chooses to make use of three references from the Bible – Leviticus 20:13, Romans 1: 26-27 and I Corinthians 6:9-11 – to display how the Bible considers homosexuality an abomination that deserves due penalty and how those who practice it will fail to inherit the Kingdom of Heaven. However, the arguments are not totally intolerant towards people who happen to be homosexuals by choice or circumstances. Hopko asserts the concept that Christians are redeemed sinners and reveals the extent to which sinful acts are forgiven in the Christian ideology if the people acknowledge their sins and repent for them. There could even be cases where people are led against their will to commit sins, where their passions overpower their conscience. Even as such sins remain a serious affront towards Christian faith, Hopko points out how such sinners could seek the religious and community help to come back t o a true Christian life. He tries to strike a balance in his arguments by criticizing the mindless, truly demonic hatred of anti-homosexuals and also the mindless, equally demonic homosexual activity by its misguided advocates and enablers. He brings in the analogy of the burden of a cross to define homosexuality and affirms that there is redemption for people with homosexual affinities if they are willing to struggle against it. Though the entire article sounds sensible and balanced at first reading, anyone who is aware

Movie for Socioligical Prespective for SHawshank Redemption Review

For Socioligical Prespective for SHawshank Redemption - Movie Review Example During his stay in the prison, he would ask Red Redding to get him a rock hammer and later various posters of glamorous women – from Rita Hayworth to Raquel Welch. As a skilled accountant, he assisted one of the guards in resolving some tax issues. He would eventually go on to assist various guards and inmates in their tax and other investment issues. The jail warden Samuel Norton soon after procured his services in embezzling and corrupting prison funds. At close to 20 years in the prison, an inmate by the name of Tommy Williams would narrate how a previous jail term had him imprisoned with another inmate who confessed how he murdered a woman and her lover and how the husband was sent to jail for the crime. Andy narrated this confession to the warden who would later throw Andy into solitary confinement. Not wanting to have Andy’s case be reopened and fearing that Andy would expose the warden’s corrupt activities, he had Tommy shot by a prison guard while apparen tly trying to escape. After Andy was released from solitary confinement, he displayed a very glum demeanor which worried his friend Redding. Andy tells Red to do him a favor, that if he would ever be released, to retrieve a package for him at a hayfield in Buxton. He also expressed that he dreamed of living in a Mexican village called Zihuatanejo. The following day, Andy was nowhere to be found. Further search of his cell revealed a passageway which led up to the sewers and out of the prison. It appears that during Andy’s stay in the prison, he was gradually scraping out his concrete wall with his rock hammer and covering up the wall with the posters of the glamorous Hollywood women. By the time the guards pieced together what Andy did, Andy had already escaped and had closed out the bogus bank accounts which the jail warden used to hide his embezzlements. He also sent a letter, along with evidence of corruption in Shawshank to the media. In the wake of the Andy’s esca pe, the warden would later commit suicide and the abusive and murderous prison guard would be arrested by the authorities. Redding would later be released, would later find the package which contained money and a letter from Andy telling him where he might be found. Redding would soon pack up his things and follow his friend to Zihuatanejo. Analysis The plot of the movie supports the conflict sociological perspective. This conflict theory is supported in the story by the constant struggles between the different groups and characters in the movie. There are various groups which represented themes or elements present in society – the poor, the powerless, the guilty, the innocent, and the rich. The correctional institution represents a society by itself and this society is made up of diverse groups with conflicting interests. In this movie we see the representations of these diverse groups – very much present in the larger society as well. The rich and powerful are repres ented by the jail warden. He is powerful because of his position as jail warden; he is also powerful because he uses his influence and position to impose his power over the prison guards, the prisoners, and Andy Dufresne himself. He even uses his position to impose lesser wages for the inmates with the work contractors, making it possible for him to embezzle more funds. He used his power to control Andy and to manipulate one of the prison guards into

CHICANO 310 - Summary In Your Own Words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CHICANO 310 - Summary In Your Own Words - Essay Example Tata Dios is a reflection of a dying person’s last wishes. The persona insists â€Å"Father God is calling me† (Caldwell p109) and needs a white dress in readiness for the heavenly journey. She has already resigned to her fate since â€Å"the doctor has far to walk† (Caldwell p109) - nothing can be done to reverse her failing health. Further, Linda Ronstadt has also used specific imagery to depict the persona’s resignation to her imminent death. â€Å"White dress† symbolizes both happiness and sadness: happiness because it reminds her of her wedding day, sadness because it is the heavenly garment of the saints, a status achieved only through death. The message in the song; therefore, revolves around the inevitability of death. In conclusion, Tata Dios is a typical Mexican song. Ity follows the Mexican traditional mariachi style which features string instrunments. The string instrunments in Tata Dios are represented by violins and the spanish guitor. Other accompaniments include flutes and trumpets. In addition, the strumming of the guitor is similar to other Mexican

Outsourcing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Outsourcing - Research Paper Example Why are they still outsourcing from these suppliers. Are there more fundamental principles that need to be considered? This work will try to answer these questions and other issues in more details. National Express is the largest scheduled coach service provider in Europe. In the UK, distinctive white National Express coaches operate to more than 1,000 destinations and carry over 17 million customers a year. The Euro lines coaches additionally operate to over 500 destinations within Europe and Ireland. National Express coach services also serve the major UK airports with additional dedicated on-airport coach and bus services operated by Air links that are based at Gatwick. They also provide a Hotel Hoppa service, which links major hotels at both Heathrow and Gatwick to the airport terminals. Other dedicated airport operations help to serve British Airports Authority (BAA) and the wider airline community at these increasingly busy locations. National Express Ltd is also part of a leading international transport provider - National Express Group (NEG), which itself has over 45,000 employees. In addition to train and bus companies within the UK including Gatwick Express, one, Midland Mainline and Travel West Midlands their overseas operations include student transportation and public transit in the USA & Canada, the management of Stewart International Airport near New York and bus and coach operations in Spain operated by Alsa. In total the National Express Group now carry over 1 billion passengers a year. National Express outsources 80%of their services from third party with whom they have long term contracts. With a growing competition from many other operators, the abolition by the government of the subsidies of elderly and disable passengers, and the financial austerity, National Express like many other companies is under lot of pressure to provide a good value for money service. The aim of this project is to investigate and

Person who made substantial contributes to or signifcantly employed Essay

Person who made substantial contributes to or signifcantly employed economic principles - Essay Example Mises’ relentless accounts of economic phenomena all led to a singular conclusion—a recurring theme throughout his greatest treatises that â€Å"the only viable economic policy for the human race was a policy of unrestricted laissez-faire†¦ with government strictly limited to the defense of person and property within its territorial area† (Rothbard). In the face of growing tides of statism and collectivism running through economic philosophies of his contemporaries in the first quarter of the 20th century, Mises remained resolute in his insistence upon a free, uninhibited marketplace. But aside from his heterodox views, Mises made significant contributions to economics as a universal discipline, among which are the three (a monetary theory of the trade cycle, a priori epistemology, and the impossibility of rational economic calculation in a socialist economy) to be discussed here. The first of these contributions was, of course, his monetary theory of the trade cycle. By this theory, introduced in The Theory of Money and Credit, he states that â€Å"whatever constitutes money in a market must originally have derived its value from a non-monetary use† (North, 2001). This theory is a so-called â€Å"regression theory† in the sense that it makes a statement about the beginnings of money’s use in society. Mises’ theory of money formed the basis of F. A. Hayek’s 1974 Nobel Prize, â€Å"awarded for†¦ pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for†¦ penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena† (Machlup, 2003, p. xv). A piece of this Misean theory of money is the observation that money is not pursued for its own sake, but rather in pursuance of purchasing other goods, and business cycles are the inevitable result of unbacked expansions of cred it. Because, as the theory goes, money is not an

The United States Beer Industry Essay Example for Free

The United States Beer Industry Essay 1.The U.S. brewing industry has become more concentrated over the last two decades for several reasons. a.The consumption of beer has been slowly declining, in order for companies to gain market share, they have to take customers from other companies. This would then lead to some companies to go out of business due to the lack of customers. b.Brand loyalty also increased. Advertisement played a large role. Larger companies were able to spent $0.40 per case of beer sold. Smaller mass-market brewers could not afford to spend near that amount. c.Technological change in canning and distribution lead to the concentration of the brewing industry, as well. The size that a mass-market brewer has to accomplish to acquire all economies of scale has grown. They must produce more beer and achieve more market shares. Not all companies reach minimum efficient scales of production. 2. The competitive structure of the brewing industry using Porter’s five forces model. a.Risk of entry by potential competitors. New micro brewing companies have low barriers of entry. New micro brewing companies do not rely heavily on brand loyalty or economies of scale. Mass market brewers our faced with higher barriers to entry because of brand loyalty of customers and absolute cost advantages. b.Intensity of rivalry of previously established companies new customers are always entering the market as they become legal age and the willingness to consume beer, so mass market brewers try to appeal to them to get their business, minimizing the competition to take other companies competitors. Demand has also been growing, making them less competitive. c. Bargaining power of buyers (buyers may be the individual customers who consume it product) this is low for mass market brewers because there is a large number of buyers available for High microbrewers. d.Bargaining power of suppliers (the organizations that provide input into the industry, such as materials, services and labor) the brewing industry has medium to low bargaining power of suppliers. e.Threat of substitutes is a threat because there are other alcoholic beverages that can be a direct substitute for beer, such as spirits and wine. 3.Small mass market companies in the brewing industry are looking for high barriers of entry, strong bargaining power from suppliers and strong bargaining power from buyers. To reach economies of scale, they would need a lot of money in production volume, causing a high barrier of entry. Suppliers can charge the new companies higher prices because they are also selling to other mass market companies and do not need or depend on the new companies for orders. Buyers are strong and can drive down prices because they do not need to sell the new firms product. There are other mass market beers that already have strong brand loyalty that their customers are purchasing. 4.There are two different strategic groups in the brewing industry: mass market brewers (Anheuser-Busch, SAB-Miller, and Molson Coors) and premium micro brewers. The rivalry is different in both groups. Mass market brewers are more competitive, and focus on getting as much of the market as possible by brewing a beer liked by many. Microbrewers products are focus towards smaller customer by who like distinctive tasting beers.

The Philosophy of Freidrich Froebel Essay Example for Free

The Philosophy of Freidrich Froebel Essay Friedrich Froebel was born in 1782 in Oberweissbach, Germany. His mother died when he was 9 months old and his father was away on pastoral duties quite often so he went and lived with his uncle when he was 10 years old. Froebel was not completely interested in school but enjoyed forestry, geometry, and land surveying (Dunn 169). His upbringing and interests, along with his Christian faith strongly influenced his educational philosophy. Friedrich used learner-centered, child-centered, experience-based ideas to develop the worlds first kindergarten, a school for young children (Henson 8). The father of kindergarten was the title usually associated with Froebel and his philosophy. His methods allow children to grow and move on as they conquer new concepts not when educators or administrators decide. Froebels philosophy was influenced by the teaching methods of Pestalozzi (Dunn 169). He agreed with many of Pestalozzis ideas but thought that there was too much focus on memorization and direct instruction. Froebel balanced group activities with individual play, direction from teachers was balanced with periods of freedom, and the studies of nature, mathematics, and art were balanced by exploring (Froebel Web). Through exploration by the child and observation by the teacher education could be distributed as was needed in the best interest of the child. He wanted students to figure things out for themselves through discovery. If a child can discover a concept on their own that child is more likely to grasp and clearly understand that concept because they were the means by which they learned the information. Play was a major aspect of his philosophy because it gave children a chance to externalize their inner nature and a chance to imitate and try out various adult roles. Children had the chance to try on many faces and figures so that they could find out who they were and who they should be. Even today people try to find out who they are because in the essence of each of us we feel that who were are or supposed to be is already in our souls we just have to discover who that is. Through play and role playing children could learn how to solve their own problems. Much of what people learn comes through their experiences, if children are able to practice and experience certain problems they will develop the skills necessary to problem solve. If children could work through these situations there could be a decrease in behavioral problems as children grow because they had the chance to develop their problem solving skills at a young age. According to Froebel, the ultimate purpose of education is the realization of a faithful, pure, inviolate, and hence holy life (Dunn 170). Since Froebels philosophy was based on idealism he believed every person had spiritual worth and dignity. If a person assumes that each individual they encounter has worth and thus should be treated so more people in life would be, simply put, happier. It comes down to respecting each individual for whoever they are. Thus like idealists he believed that children had within him all he was to be at birth. As Dunn states, practice in education should be designed to develop and cultivate individuals toward attainment of their destiny (170). Starting children off in kindergarten gave them a chance to grown and be what they were destined to be, by partaking in play and role playing with plenty of space to develop properly. In todays society there is a lot of talk about finding yourself and taking space to figure out who they are. I think a lot of that is because people never had a chance to do so when they were young. Todays society just speeds through life trying to get one step ahead of the next person and later in life they stop to reexamine who they have become because they didnt take the chance to discover that person when they should have. Froebel stressed the importance of creating a happy, harmonious environment where the child can grow; and where the value of self activity and play are foundation to the development of the whole person (Froebel Web). Teachers should observe students during play so that they know how and what to teach and gear toward each student because you need to cultivate the inner person in each. It isnt all about chaos because there is order and structure in play and free will. Play and freedom are structured through gifts and occupation. The gifts are used to help children understand concepts and the occupations to make products. Froebel was trying to create a school that uses the childs imagination and creativity already in them to foster an education plan that fit their minds and souls. We have been taught in the bible to be like children because they are pure and clean, if more of us became like children then the world would be a better place. The effects this theory has on the classroom can be positive and negative. The idea of a child-centered classroom is a terrific idea but can make the classroom seem very chaotic and haphazard which is difficult for some teachers and parents. With a child-centered classroom the planning a teacher puts into her lessons must be flexible and follow the needs of each individual, which is difficult because each child has different needs so planning could be a lot of different activities and flexibility. This philosophy allows opportunity for all students to completely succeed because it works with the childs strengths and educational pace. A problem with that is that children dont develop at the same rate so children will be going over different material at the same time. By allowing children to work on their own, the behavior they have will improve because they feel that they have more control over their own education and pace. As many positive effects as this free child-centered philosophy has, it also has in negative effects. Students may not reach their potential if they are not challenged by high expectations. There are also fewer concrete assessments to gage child success and failure. The philosophy could be a huge success if employed by a highly committed teacher who is prepared to truly encourage individual growth. The teachers role in the classroom is not just as observer who watches children play and explore independently but to guide the children to make discoveries. Open ended questions are a great way for teachers to foster critical thinking because the teacher does not provide the student with opinions (Froebel Web). Teachers are guiders and helpers for children to explore who and what they are to become. There are a lot of great ideas that have come from this philosophy, one being the introduction of kindergarten into the educational system. Some people today even think that it is too early to start a child in school but when is it really a great time to start? There are more people who are starting to embrace the idea of a child-centered approach because too much of education is focused on what we think children need to learn and not necessarily what they need to learn or are ready to learn. Teachers today need to stop and look at educators and philosophers of the past to recognize simple theories they employed. Todays education has become caught up in speed and necessity to be better than the next guy, we have forgotten to look at the people we are teaching and the fact that some are not ready for what we think they should be. There is a need for adults to get back to a simpler way of life so that we dont forget that children are precious gifts that must be treasured and fostered. Works Cited Dunn, Shelia G. Philosophical Foundations of Education: Connecting Philosophy to Theory and Practice. Upper Saddle River NJ: Merrill/Prentice-Hall, 2005. Froebel Web. Online Resource. 1998. http://www. froebelweb. org/webindex. html. Henson, Kenneth T. (Fall 2003). Foundations for Learner-Based Education: A Knowledge Base. Education, 1, Retrieved 10/28/06.

Buffalo Nearing Extinction But Not Cattle

Buffalo Nearing Extinction But Not Cattle Two centuries ago there were more buffalo than cattle in the United States. Even though millions of cattle are killed for beef consumption each year, the cattle population continues to grow while the buffalo are virtually extinct. Why? Buffalo Nearing Extinction But Not Cattle It is believed that as many as one hundred million buffalo used to roamed North America, as far South as Mexico and as far North as Canada (Anonymous). Some estimates range from thirty million to one thousand (million) in the fifteen hundreds (Krech 3rd). That day has long passed and it is sad to see such low numbers of the buffalo. Within one hundred years of the Western settlement of the United States, the North American herds of buffalo had nearly disappeared. The slaughtering of the precious animals was continuous until they were practically impossible to find. The buffalo first came close to extinction in the late eighteen hundreds when their number was decreased down to only a few hundred (Anonymous). Krech III explains that prior to the arrival of Europeans and their powerful, transforming products, desires and structures, American Indians possessed extensive knowledge about the environments in which they lived and made sense of living beings in myriad culturally appropriate w ays (Krech 3rd, pg 1) Or in other words before European settlers came to the United States the Indians were not harming the buffalo population. The primary reason for the near-extinction of the American bison was due to the greedy European settlers who came and destroyed the Indians way of life. Three reasons that buffalo are such few in numbers include the fact that Indians used them as a source for food but also every part of the buffalos body was used for tools or anything they could possible use it for. The settling Americans needed the Indians to move so their thought was to rid the Indians of their primary food source the buffalo. With the Indians food source gone the settlers expected that he Indians would move more willingly and they would then be out of the settlers way so to speak (Anonymous). Another reason the buffalo needed to be removed from the open plains was because they posed a dangerous threat to the new trains that had tracks running across the country. Without the buffalo roaming around the trains would be more efficient and in less danger. Practically everyone wanted to be lowering the number of the buffalo whether it is for food or safety. This is very sad but the hunters who took part in in clearing the Indians food source were greatly benefiting from the hides that they were selling and this only made them more inclined to hunt the buffalo (Anonymous). The hides were very valuable at the time for making robes and rugs out of the thick fur. All combined together these reasons pretty much accumulate to carelessness by everyone, greed by the settlers, and the reduction of the land that these beautiful beasts once roamed on. Cows, on the other hand, came to America after the buffalo had already almost become extinct (Anonymous). Cattle made a large supply of food for the settlers who were just coming to America (Krech). Cattle are significantly smaller than buffalo, less aggressive than buffalo and although they dont have as strong of an immune system as buffalo (Krech) they were the meat production of choice when the settlers first came to the United States. The production and breeding of buffalo (being a wild animal) was never really planned because it would have been a wonderful idea if someone would have thought of that earlier. By the time a controlled breeding by the settlers was necessary the buffalo were so few in number that it wouldnt have worked for them. The cattle were great in number and have now become a major product for the Unites States. The buffalo were still unprotected for many years but a few caring people made the preservation of the last few hundred buffalo possible (Anonymous). C ow hides are nice and warm but they are nothing in comparison to the thick furry coats of the American bison. When it came to the buffalo, people were so focused on making money off of the hides that they were not thinking about future generations who would have no food because of the low number of buffalo (Anonymous). Although an alternative source of meat was found it would have been better if they were conscientious of the future generations and the population of buffalo. The Indians actually used almost every part of the buffalo; the hides without hair were used for moccasins, leggings, and other clothing, tipi covers and linings, shields, maul covers, cups and kettles, [carrying cases] the hides with hair or Robes were used for winter clothing, gloves, bedding, [and] costumes. The hair was used for ropes, stuffing, [and] yarn. The horns were used for arrow points, bow parts, ladles and spoons/cups, [and] containers. The hoofs were used for glue and the list goes on for a long time (Krech 3rd , pg 5). Yet the Americans wanted to rid the Indians of their food source so they would go aroun d just killing the buffalo just for sport or for hides, not for their everyday needs (Anonymous). Although buffalo were a good source of food the main reason that they almost became extinct and they are not a major food source today like cattle is because the settlers were not only killing them for food. When the settlers were ridding the country of buffalo just to make the Indians easier to persuade to relocate (Anonymous), they were unknowingly blinded by greed. They could have used the buffalo as their major food source; especially since buffalo meat is healthier for you than beef (buffalo have a much more lean meat than cattle). Anyways, the buffalo were so low in number that breeding them would still not create a large enough food source and it was much more convenient and easy to go ahead and use the domesticated cattle as their mass production of meat to feed the settlers since the cattle were already large in number. Cattle breeding took over from this point for the production of beef, and the number of buffalo is still working on growing today. Part B: Why do politicians so often support special interest groups? The Corruption of Politics I feel that I should start off by saying that in the idealized democratic society, economic policy is determined by one man, one vote (Grossman 1). This means to me that although this one person (the president of any organization or country) has a goal to make their citizens happy, is primarily in control of each individual decision at some point in time. Through my research I found that some special interest groups tend to hold large amounts of money (Franzese). Politics revolves around money and every politician needs the support of its people and basically their money to make it through their campaign. Although it is simply one mans decision to try and please all it may not be his best benefit to please everyone but rather the special interest groups who can best support him financially; in other words some special interest groups can use money as a bribing token to result in desired policies being passed by fueling a specific candidates campaign (Grossman). Mark C. Schug wonders if there could be something about basic economics that elected officials see as detrimental to the long-term health of their political careers (4) and he also claims that It is possible that the jobs of elected officials would be made more difficult if basic economic concepts were widely understood by voter (Schug 4). According to these conclusions Schug believes that politicians want the people of the general population to understand as little about how the economy works because the ignorant voters will be less knowledgeable of what goes on behind the curtain; these behind the scene secrets include things like special interest groups swaying a politicians decisions, buying the political vote through financial support. Financial support is supposed to be donations to the politician that you most side with or agree with, not bribery where you pay the politicians to make a certain decision that you are in favor of. Although this is immoral as well as illegal it happens all the time un derneath our nose. Why people can get away with this I dont know but its possible they get paid a pretty penny too. There are several kinds of interest groups that exist but the one primary type of interest groups are known pressure groups. Pressure groups include narrow interests such as peanut farmers, autoworkers, or shareholders as well as broader interests that include retired workers, capital workers, and those with special concerns for the environment (Grossman). The activities and influences of interest groups Work Cited Anonymous. How Did Bison Almost Become Extinct. Demand Media, Inc. (2012): Web Accessed December 2012. Clark, Josh. Do Special interest groups hurt candidates? HowStuffWork, Inc. (2012): Web Accessed 4 December 2012. Franzese, Anthony. Comp II 1213 Professor (2012) Grossman, Gene M. and Elhanan Helpman. Special Interest Groups. National Bureau of Economic Research (2009): 1-6. Print. Krech 3rd, Shepard. Buffalo Tales: The Near-Extermination of the American Bison. National Humanities Center: Brown University (2006): 1-6. Print. Schug, M. C., Lee, D. R. (2012). Why economic education is dangerous for politicians. Journal of Private Enterprise, 28(1), 47-60. Print.

Antigone Vs. Socrates Essay -- essays research papers

Antigone vs. Socrates In the plays Antigone and the Crito the two lead characters, Antigone and Socrates, showed completely different ideas regarding their responsibilities to the State. Antigone believes in divine law and does what she thinks that the Gods would want her to do. Socrates, on the other hand, believes that he owes it to the State to follow their laws whether he thinks they are right or not. In Antigone, her brother Polynices, turned against his own city by attacking his own brother just so he could become king. On this day, both brothers died. One, Eteocles, was given funeral honors, but the other, Polynices, was not. This decision was made by Creon, Antigone’s uncle and the current King of Thebes. Creon said “He is to have no grave, no burial, no mourning from anyone; it is forbidden.'; (Pg. 432; l. 165) He also announced that anyone who should attempt to bury him would be put to death. After hearing this decision, Antigone said that Creon couldn’t do that and that the Gods would want Polynices to have a proper burial, therefore Antigone promised to her sister Ismene that she would be the one to defy Creon and bury her brother; and she didn’t care if the whole city knew of her plans. After being caught in the act, she was taken to the palace and when asked by Creon why she did it. Knowing the punishment that would come from it, she replied by sa ying that she didn’t think Creon had the power to overrule the u...

The Depression :: essays research papers

The Great Depression began in October 1929, when the stock market in the United States dropped rapidly. Thousands of investors lost large sums of money and many were wiped out, lost everything. The crash led us into the Great Depression. This period was the longest and worst period of high unemployment and low business activity, people went along with only the bear necessities, and the families that where hit the hardest where the middle class families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People stopped buying gods during the depression, because they had no money. The decline in sales of goods caused many factories to close causing unemployment, and worsening the depression, because industries must sell in order to continue. Unemployment was higher than ever many white men where working black men jobs for black men wages. Many men would leave there families and go look for jobs after they had found jobs the would send money back to their families, but some of the men would leave and never be heard from again. Wages where also dropping, companies could not pay as high as wages as they did in the 1920’s because they where not selling good like they where in the 1920’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the average American living in the city, The Great Depression was a time to cut back on luxuries, and find ways to cut cost on even the most basic items. Appliances, jewelry, and furniture were some of the first items that Americans stopped buying. During The Great Depression, people had to find ways to save money on even the bare necessities. One example of this was the widespread use of vacant lots to grow food. Americans now had to live in the manner of their ancestors, making their own clothing, growing their own food, and again depending on their family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The great depression hit middle class families the hardest. It did effect the poor but there where already accustom to not having things and there was not much of an effect on the rich, although there where a some rich families that lost everything in the stock market. The middle class families where already in debt dew to new installment plans.

The Ideas of Hypocrisy, Prejudice and Dignity in Harper Lees To Kill A

The Ideas of Hypocrisy, Prejudice and Dignity in Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird In Maycomb, the town in which Harper Lee's book 'To Kill a Mockingbird' is set, hypocrisy and prejudice are prevalent in most of its citizens. Although many of the characters morals are admirable, you soon realise that what people say and what people do are not always related. Mrs Grace Merriweather falls into this category. She is seen to be 'the most devout lady in Maycomb' and her eyes 'always filled with tears when she considered the oppressed' yet she is just as prejudiced to the black citizens or 'darky's' as the majority of the ladies of the 'Maycomb Alabama Methodist Episcopal Church South' are. Mrs Merriweather appears to be the most hypocritical character in this chapter. Throughout, she contradicts herself - she tells Scout about 'those poor Mrunas' and how she made a 'pledge in her heart' to help them and then shortly after she complains about how 'there's nothing more distracting then a sulky darky.' This is particularly un...

History of Electrocardiography Machine Essay

History of electrocardiography prevails over two centuries as an intellectual exercise as the process of inventing an electrocardiogram started with the Galvani’s idea of animal electricity. In 1842 this idea was further reinforced by Italian physicist Carlo Matteucci who illustrated by his experiments that electric current could be quantified from inactive heart muscle. German physiologist Emil Dubois-Reymond further explored this phenomenon and confirmed Carlo Matteucci’s conclusion and labeled this changing current in the resting muscle as â€Å"action potential†. He further developed a device that could deliver stimulation pulses to the muscles and was capable of computing discharge current of muscles at short intervals. In 1856 Rudolph von Koelliker and Heinrich Muller recorded an â€Å"action potentialâ€Å"on the spotaneous beating heart. But the major development came in 1872 when French physicist Gabriel Lippmann introduced a capillary electrometer. This capillary electrometer was based on the principle of â€Å"polarization† and â€Å"surface tension†. Structurally it was a slender glass tube with mercury-sulphuric acid base. The mercury meniscus stirred with the influx of electrical potential and was observable by a microscope. In 1893, Willem Einthoven who is considered as the inventor of modern electric cardiogram and its various principles used the term ‘electrocardiogram’ at a conference of the Dutch Medical Association. But major development occurred during the three years staring from 1901 when Einthoven dissatisfied with capillary electrometer and it slow response, designed a string galvanometer. This galvanometer contained a string eletromagnet to produce a magnetic flux, two piece poles, a quartz string between the two piece poles, peepholes in the two piece poles to observe the position of string. It further contained a lamp and timing systen to examine the shadow of string at different time intervals. The weight of this whole apparatus was about 600 pounds. He further modified the string galvanometer to invent a more effective electrocardiograms. However in 1902, Einthoven brought out the first electrocardiogram that was recorded on his string galvanometer. This was a giant’s leap in the history of bio-medical. In order to produce string galvanometer on commercial level, Einthoven discussed the possibilities with Horace Darwin of Cambridge Scientific Instruments Company of London. So this event made the electrocardiogram to come out of experimentation and to be used in medical profession. Einthoven, in 1906, circulated the first presentation electrocardiograms recorded with a string galvanometer. These electrocardiograms included the specimen of left and right ventricular and atrial, atrial flutter, ventricular premature beats etc. In 1910, Horatio Williams who was professor at Cornell University Medical College, New York issued electrocardiograms of patient that manifest atrial and ventricular ectopics, ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation that were recorded in hospital using a complex system of cables. This was first large-scale use of electrocardiograms in the hospitals. With the advent and introduction of vacuum tubes, the electric galvanometer was further modified and improved. In 1926, Ernestine and Levine used these vacuum tubes to produce enlarged images. Cathode rays tube further helped to produce portable electrocardiograms. Today electrocardiograms works on the same principles that were devised Einthoven in the first decade of 20th century. References Burchell HB. A centennial note on Waller and the first human electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59:979-983 Burch, G.E. A History of Electrocardiography. Chicago. Year Book Medical. 1964. Burnett J. The origins of the electrocardiograph as a clinical instrument. Medical History Supplement 5: 1985, 53-76. Published as a monograph. The emergence of modern cardiology. Bynum WF, Lawrence C, Nutton V, eds. Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine:1985. Fye WB. A history of the origin, evolution, and impact of electrocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:937-949 Plonsey, R. Bioelectric Phenomenon. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1972.

Critically analyse the ways in which the personalisation agenda might impact on the protection of vulnerable adults.

Abstract Personalisation has been described as a â€Å"cornerstone of the modernisation of public services† (Department of Health, 2008: 4); however there has been much discussion as to how this impacts upon the protection of vulnerable adults. Thus, it seems as though the current practices employed by social workers will have to be adapted in order to integrate personalisation into their agenda’s. This is likely to prove extremely complex given the conflictions that are likely to arise. This study will thus discuss such difficulties in more detail. Introduction The ways in which the personalisation agenda might impact on the protection of vulnerable adults will be critically discussed in order to consider the difficulties that are likely to be associated with personalisation. This will be done by firstly looking at social work practice implications, ethics and values. This will allow a determination to be made as to whether changes to such practices will need to be made. The effect personalisation has on anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practices will then be discussed followed by a review of the current HCPC standards, legislation policy and guidance. Once all of the applicable information has been gathered a conclusion will then be drawn. Social Work Practice Implications, Ethics and Values In improving social care standards in England, the Government published the personalisation agenda in their ‘Putting People First’ (Department of Health, 2007: 1) report. This is a shared commitment and vision that seeks to ensure all adults can have control over their own lives and thus live independently. This is likely to have a significant impact on the protection of vulnerable adults since the main objective of the report was to ensure vulnerable adults have the best quality of life. It was also made clear that the â€Å"quality of independent living is fundamental to a socially just society† (Department of Health, 2007: 2). A Local Authority circular; ‘Transforming Social Care’ (Department of Health, 2009: 4) strengthened this vision further by placing additional responsibilities on Local Authorities. Accordingly, it was noted in the circular that Local Authorities must take a more pro-active role when dealing with vulnerable adults and that the y must make applicable steps towards re-shaping their adult social care services, which was also supported by the Secretary of State for Health (Lansley, 2010: 5). In spite of such governments’ policies, it is questionable whether vulnerable adults will be better safeguarded since there appears to be â€Å"little guidance into how this agenda sits alongside that of personalisation in practice† (IPC, 2010: 3). In addition, it has been argued that both personalisation and the protection of vulnerable adults, although share the same end goals, their approaches actually conflict (Gray and Birrell, 2013: 207). Thus, personalisation is generally about enabling individuals to live their own lives, whilst the safeguarding of vulnerable adults is about ensuring the safety of such individuals by conforming to a set of policies and procedures that have been created specifically for this purpose. Arguably, by giving vulnerable adults the ability to control their own lives is likely to undermine the safeguarding principles that currently exist. This carries a significant risk since vulnerable adults may not actually have the ability to take co ntrol, and this may subsequently expose them to harm and impact the protection that they are to be afforded. Whilst personalisation encourages independence, safeguarding is about acting on behalf of vulnerable adults. Personalisation and Anti-oppressive and Anti-discriminatory Practices It remains to be seen how personalisation can be implemented, whilst ensuring that the protection of vulnerable adults is maintained, yet noted by Carr (2010: 2); â€Å"The goal is to get the balance right, moving away from being risk averse while still having appropriate regard for safeguarding issues.† It is questionable whether a balance is easy to achieve since personalisation is all about reducing the levels of control Local Authorities place upon vulnerable adults, yet higher levels of control are needed to protect such adults from harm. This can be extremely difficult for social workers who must employ anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practices by developing an understanding of structural inequalities so that they can be pro-active in their work with vulnerable adults (Hopton, 2012: 47). As personalisation is contrary to this, problems are likely to arise since social workers are required to â€Å"develop creative ways of working† by a â€Å"critical, pol iticised and geographical view of our culturally plural society† (Gardner, 2011: 30). This is much more difficult to achieve when adopting the personalisation agenda as social workers are required to take a step back and allow vulnerable adults to take control. HCPC standards, legislation policy and guidance The current HCPC standards that are required of social workers are also likely to conflict with the personalisation agenda since social workers are required to act in the best interests of their service users (HCPC, 2012: 3). Accordingly, enabling vulnerable adults to live independently may not be acting in their best interests as certain individuals will require constant supervision and will need the help and support from social workers. Hence, even if it appears as though a person is capable of taking control of their own life, this may not always be the case and so it is important that social workers continue to take a pro-active role in the lives of vulnerable adults. Thus, under the ‘No Secrets (Adult Protection)’ guidance managers with the responsibility of overseeing and supervising the investigation of, and response to, adult abuse are required to ensure that â€Å"all appropriate agencies are involved in the investigation and the provision of support, and that good standards of practices are maintained† (Department of Health, 2000: 16). However, personalisation is likely to have an impact on such responsibilities as it will require a change in the way welfare services are being delivered and the ways vulnerable adults are being supervised. Direct Payments, Exploitation and Fairer Charges As personalisation allows the individual to have a greater choice, the government will have less control over individual budgets. Accordingly, those in need of care will thus have a choice whether to accept direct payments in order to purchase their own social care services or allow local authorities to arrange their care (MNDA, 2010: 2). Whilst it has been said that this new approach helps those in need of care to attain a program suited to their individual needs (Age UK, 2013: 1), this can actually have dangerous consequences. This is because the service user may be at risk of abuse and exploitation by family members and unscrupulous carers (8). However, provided that this risk can be managed appropriately it has been said that the personalisation agenda may actually provide individuals with a fairer charging system (Duffy, 2011: 4). However, this will not be the case for everyone and whilst some individuals may end up with a better deal, others may be expected to meet the costs o f their care themselves. Arguably, whilst this system is workable in meeting the needs of certain individuals, it may actually penalise others. In addition, as put by (The Policy Press, 2011: 96) â€Å"it increases the costs of disability, encourages institutionalisation and works against independent living and person-centred support.† This is not what was intended by the establishment of the personalisation agenda and unless these inherent risks can be managed, it is likely that vulnerable adults will suffer. Conclusion Overall, it is evident that the personalisation agenda is likely to have a significant impact upon the ways in which vulnerable adults are likely to be protected in the future. This is because, the main objectives of personalisation are to enable vulnerable adults to take control of their own lives and live independently. This agenda, nevertheless, conflicts with the current practices that are being adopted by social workers in protecting vulnerable adults and as a result of this many changes are likely to be required. Whilst it is clear that a balance needs to be struck, it is likely that this will prove extremely complex when trying to put this into practice. Yet, it remains to be seen, if any, what measure will be taken by social workers in ensuring that the personalisation agenda is being employed, whilst at the same time maintaining the protection of vulnerable adults. References Age UK. (2013) Personal Budgets – More control over Your Care, [Online], Available: http://www.ageuk.org.uk/home-and-care/help-at-home/self-directed-support/ [13 January 2014]. Carr, S. (2010) ‘SCIE Report: Enabling risk, ensuring safety: Self-directed support and personal budgets’ Enabling Risk and Personal Budgets, Social Care Institute for Excellence. Department of Health. (2000) ‘No Secrets: Guidance on developing and implementing multi-agency policies and procedures to protect vulnerable adults from abuse’ Home Office. Department of Health. (2007) ‘Putting People First; A shared vision and commitment to the transformation of Adult Social Care’ HM Government. [Online], Available: http://www.cpa.org.uk/cpa/putting_people_first.pdf [10 January 2014]. Department of Health (2009) ‘Transforming Adult Social Care’ Local Authority Circular. Duffy, S. (2011) A Fair Society and the Limits of Personalisation. Sheffield: Centre for Welfare Reform. Gardner, A. (2011) Personalisation in Social Work, SAGE, Social Science. Gray, A. M. and Birrell, D. (2013) Transforming Adult Social Care, The Policy Press. HCPC. (2012) ‘Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics’ Health & Care Professions Council, Your duties as a registrant, [Online], Available: http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10003B6EStandardsofconduct,performanceandethics.pdf [10 January 2014]. Hopton. J. (2012) ‘Anti-discriminatory practice and anti-oppressive practice; A radical humanist psychology perspective’ Critical Social Policy, volume 17, no. 52. IPC. (2010) ‘Safeguarding vulnerable adults through better commissioning’ A Discussion Paper for Commissioners of Adult Social Care, Institute of Public Care. Lansley, A. (2010) ‘Speech to the 5th International Carers Conference’ The Royal Armouries, Leeds. MNDA. (2010) Direct Payments and Personalisation, Information Sheet No 22B, [Online], Available: http://www.mndassociation.org/Resources/MNDA/Life%20with%20MND/Information%20sheet%2022B%20-%20Direct%20payments%20and%20personalisation.pdf [13 January 2014]. The Policy Press. (2011) Supporting People: Towards a Person-centred Approach, Social Science.

A Social Family Institution in India

Location: India has an area of approximately 3,287,580 sq. kilometers. It serves as a border to the Bay of Bengal the Indian Ocean, and to the Arabian Sea located to its west. Directly north of India are the Himalayas, the world†s biggest mountain range. India also serves as a neighbor to several different countries. Myanmar and Bangladesh located to its east, China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north, Sri Lanka to the South, and finally Afghanistan and Pakistan on the northwest. Topography: India is separated into 4 main regions, these are the Ganges, Indus Plains, Desert zone, and the Southern Peninsula. Physiologically India is divided ten times. A senior male usually heads families in India. In the senior males household a family can be very large. The senior male†s family can include his unmarried children, married children alongside their wives and kids, unmarried younger brothers and sisters, and married brothers with their wives and children. It is common however for families to separate once the father dies. This idea of family is true for both nuclear family and extended family. As already stated above the size of a typical Indian family is very large. The senior male is responsible for providing the financial assistance to the family while his wife takes care of the house. She assigns chores to all of the females in the household. The Elderly are taken care upon dearly by their family members. The marriage traditions in India have been in existence for a very long time. The have a long and important set of rules that are carefully followed by most. A marriage arrangement is a big responsibility for the parents of both the female and male. A marriage is arranged based primarily on religion, family wealth, and the hope for a good biological reproduction. Marriages in India are no different than in most of the countries around the world. It is a very special event for the bride and grooms family and friends. For both the male and the female marriage is a big change not only socially but mentally as well. Only once married is one truly considered to have made the transition to adulthood. Married couples display a strong for male children. Males are desired more because of financial contribution the may supply for the family. Girls on thew other hand are some times viewed as very big liabilities, The more one has the more liable one is. They are viewed as very expensive to support and require very expensive dowries once they are married. Families that have many girls and very few or no males are in great danger of experiencing financial disaster. The roles played by males and females in the Indian society have a very strong presence. Their roles have changed very little in the last couple of decades. Males are the dominant sex in the society. Females have very little power or control over their lives. The male†s main role is to provide financial stability. India†s educational system is one that is very similar to that held by the British. It consists of five levels of education. Level one is preprimary, followed by primary (which in the American system would equal grades 1-5), middle class (middle school), secondary (9 and 10 grades), and finally higher levels (11 and 12 grades). India s governments is currently working very hard to make the peoples education a top priority. The Indian government supplies the people with free education, even with free education only about half of the children attend school. It is viewed by the Indian people that it is more important for the males to attend school than it is for the females. Out of the 50 Indian population is illiterate, 66% of these are females. Higher education in India is not very big. Out of all of the people that attend primary and secondary education less than 10% go on to higher education. It†s popularity however is increasing greatly compared to past years. India†s collegiate system is divided into three. One of these three types is the religious college. These are colleges found by politicians and by wealthy families. They did this in order to gain popularity amongst the people. Government colleges constitute the second type; these are colleges that are found on the outskirts of big cities. They lack private investments and are therefor founded by the government. The third type is called Professional colleges. These are colleges that mainly receive both government and private aid. Professional colleges are the beset of colleges to study carriers such as medicine, engineering etc. 2-India Literacy rate is very high in numbers but very low in percentages. They have over 400 million people that can read but this constitutes only about 56% of the population. 1- India runs its government under a constitution created in 1949. The president of India is elected by the parliament and serves a term of five years. The Prime Minster of India is also a very powerful man in this country. It is said that he has more power than the president. Lok Sabah, otherwise know as the Lower House of Parliament is controlled by the ministers. The federal Parliament consists of no more than 250 members. The President appoints twelve of them and most of the others are appointed by their state. The Lower House has no more than 545 members. Just like the president they serve terms that last fore five years. In case of a national emergency the president can overrule any state government.

Globalization and Accountability Essay

A better quality of life has been the objective of societies and nations. This has been pursued since the ancient times to the present. About one hundred years before the Trojan wars, Minos, mythical son of Zeus, organized a communal society in the island of Crete. For centuries, universal justice and virtue reigned in the island. Conditions were similar to the fabulous Shangrila of the Lost Horizon. It was like a paradise for the people. They contributed their individual ideas, talents, skills, and labor to the community for its development, and for he good of all its members. The needs of the people were justly supplied, and they were happy and contented. Plato, the Greek philosopher, designed an ideal state in his book, The Republic. He proposed common ownership of properties as a general rule. The concept of equality of Plato was further improved by Christian doctrines. However, more active and courageous social reformers emerged into the limelight during the age of Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution. Rousseau, Fourier, Bentham, Owen and Marx were the more prominent among them. They stressed the social aspects of the national order, such as cooperation, perfectibility of human nature, and other human virtues. The clamor for equality was not only political but also economic and social. The abuses of the capitalists and landlords, and the great disparities in income and wealth were the primary targets of reformers. The aforementioned economic and social problems still pervade in many developing countries. Throughout the history of the development of nations, only very few have become rich, such as those in North America and Western Europe. Most of the poor countries are found in Africa, Asia and Latin America. In terms of goods and services, the gap between the poor and the rich countries has become wider and wider. In view of the presence of modern transportation and communication, leaders of the poor countries have seen the tremendous prosperity of the rich countries. As a result, people from poor countries have developed the tendency to emulate the rich countries- their economies, technologies, ways of life, and even the architecture of their houses and buildings. However, some intellectuals have realized the disadvantage of such colonial mentality. They have crusaded for economic nationalism to free their countries from the exploitations of the rich counties- and from the weaknesses of their own people. Industrialization has been their dream of solving their persistent problems like poverty, insecurity, and excess population. Even Nehru of India claimed that real progress must ultimately depend on industrialization. Every nation, rich or poor, has economic problems. However, these are more serious and widespread in poor countries. Economic problems do exist because of two fundamental facts: resources are limited and human wants are unlimited. Human wants cannot possibly be all satisfied because resources are scarce. For example, every family wants a house and a farm. This is not possible in many countries, especially in less developed countries. In fact, most countries cannot even meet the most basic needs of their people like food, clothing, and shelter. In the case of the United States of America, the people are capable of satisfying their essential needs. If some groups cannot, it is the government that provides them with basic goods and services. Welfare programs and other social security benefits are made available to the less fortunate, and to the aged. But still, rich countries have economic problems. People, human as they are, are not ultimately satisfied with the consumption of basic goods only. Naturally, they aspire for a higher standard of living. And it is the responsibility of the economic system to help the people acquire it. The economic system of any nation has different factors that are being considered in order to establish and open greater economic opportunities (Soros, 2002). Globalization The remarkable progress in communication and transportation has exposed the high standard of living of a globalized nation. Through foreign travels, periodicals, and movies the peoples of the less developed countries have seen the many wonderful and modern things which have been created by an industrial society like the United States of America, France or Japan. In contrast, many leaders of the third world countries have realized the big difference in their still primitive products of development. Thus, their impressions of a globalized and industrialized economy have further improved. Henceforth, there has been a strong clamor among many of the third world countries for globalization. For years, this has been their aspiration. Through globalization, they believe they can eliminate the problems of poverty, insecurity, and overpopulation. No less than the great Indian statesman Nehru said that real progress must ultimately depend on globalization (Thompson & Strickland, 2003). However, globalization or globalizing a less developed country is certainly not an easy task. There are great obstacles along the long path of globalization. It is not only massive capital, modern technology, competent management, and skilled labor that are required. Well developed commercial sectors are also needed. And of course, the most important requirement for globalization is the restructuring of values and institutions in society. In spite of the formidable barriers to globalized development, it is not completely impossible for a less developed country to globalized economy. There were several poor nations which became industrial economies. They were able to conquer an almost impossible dream through a vigorous and sincere implementation of economic, social, and political reforms. Former countries like England, Germany and the United States of America met fewer difficulties in globalizing their economies because of most favorable economic and political conditions. There are several processes being followed in terms of modern growth brought about by the system and principle of globalization. It must be noted that globalization among the developed countries did not happen overnight. Prior to their globalization, they experience various changes and improvement. The following are the most notable: 1. Economic, social, and political institutions were restructured to pave the way towards globalization and industrialization. 2. There was a rapid technological improvement. 3. Factors of production like capital, labor, and entrepreneurial scheme were made to be more responsive to globalization and industrialization. 4. Substantial improvement in transportation, communication, and electrification were undertaken. 5. Social facilities and services were increased. 6. Agricultural and commercial industries became variable. The aforementioned developments were greatly responsible in the globalization of the highly developed countries. Clearly, their economic growths did not go through a quick and easy process. They laid down the foundation of their industrial development. Such experiences of the industrial countries should provide a lesson to less developed countries that are aiming for rapid globalization and industrialization. However, there are some countries that have achieved very rapid industrial growth. But the other sectors of their economy have not developed as fast as their industries. For instance, there have been no appropriate changes in some industries such as the agricultural industries, public administration, social structure and values among other things and industries. But then again, it can be seen that there is more rooms for globalization even if it means that other industries are left behind. Moreover, there has been a great need for private sectors to be improved and flourished in order for globalization to push through. As far as the economics is concerned, the big challenge is poverty, and the surest route to sustained poverty reduction is economic growth. Growth requires good economic policies. The evidence strongly supports the conclusion that growth requires a policy framework that prominently includes an orientation towards integration into the global economy. This places obligations on three groups: those who are most responsible for the operation of the international economy, primarily the governments of the developed countries; those who determine the intellectual climate, which includes this audience but also government and non-government organizations and individuals; and the government of the developing countries who bear the major responsibility for economic policy in their countries. Economic globalization, the ongoing process of greater economic interdependence among countries, is reflected in the increasing amount of cross-border trade in goods and services, the increasing volume of international financial flows, and increasing flows of labor. As is well known to our profession, economic globalization thrived in the period before 1914, but was set back by the two World Wars and the Great Depression. 6 The international financial order that was established at the end of World War II sought to restore the volume of world trade, and by 1973, world trade as a percentage of world GDP was back to its 1913 level – and it has continued to grow almost every year since. While the founders of the Bretton Woods system saw the restoration of trade in goods and services as essential to the recovery of the global economy, they did not have the same benign view of capital flows. Nonetheless, capital flows among the industrialized countries did recover during the 1950s, and intensified in the 1960s. Rapidly they became too powerful for the pegged exchange rate system to survive, and by 1973, as a result of the impossible trinity – of a pegged exchange rate, capital mobility, and a monetary policy directed at domestic objectives – the Bretton Woods adjustable peg system had to give way to flexible exchange rates among the major countries. Capital flows to developing countries grew more slowly. In the late 1970s and early 1980s they consisted mainly of bank loans; by the 1990s they took the form mainly of foreign direct investment and purchases of marketable securities. And as the volume of international capital flows to and from the emerging market countries – the more developed and larger developing countries – increased, the impossible trinity once again asserted itself, and in a series of crises, country after country was forced to give up its pegged exchange rate and allow the currency to float. By now, the gross volume of international capital flows relative to global GDP far exceeds the levels reached in the period just before 1913, though net flows of foreign direct investment have not yet attained the extraordinary levels of the decade before World War I. It is generally believed that with respect to migration and labor flows the modern system is less globalized than it was a century ago. In 1911, nearly 15 percent of the United States population was foreign born; today that number is probably a bit above 10 percent. Emigration rates from Europe, especially Ireland and Italy, were amazing: 14 percent of the Irish population emigrated in the 1880s, and over 10 percent of the Italian population emigrated in the first decade of the twentieth century. Jeffrey Williamson (2002) attributes a significant part of the convergence of income levels in the Atlantic economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to mass migration. Whether or not migration and labor flows are greater now than they were a century ago, we are becoming more globalized in this regard too, for migration rates have been rising – and in a potentially important way, for more migration than in the past is from less to more developed countries. All this is at an abstract level. In terms of people’s daily lives, globalization means that the residents of one country are more likely now than they were fifty years ago: to consume the products of another country; to invest in another country; to earn income from other countries; to talk on the telephone to people in other countries; to visit other countries; to know that they are being affected by economic development in other countries; and to know about developments in other countries. Globalization is much more than an economic phenomenon. The technological and political changes that drive the process of economic globalization have massive noneconomic consequences. In the words of Anthony Giddens, a leading sociologist: â€Å"I would have no hesitation in saying that globalization, as we are experiencing it, is in many respects not only new, but also revolutionary. Globalization is political, technological and cultural, as well as economic. The non-economic aspects are at least as important in shaping the international debate as are the economic aspects. Many of those who object to globalization resent the political and military dominance of the United States, and they resent also the influence of foreign – predominantly American – culture, as they see it at the expense of national and local cultures. The technological elements matter in practice as well as in the debate. For instance, the events of September 11, 2001 could not have taken place before the current global era. The communications and transport systems that have accelerated the pace of globalization are also at the disposal of terrorists, money- launderers, and international criminals. On the positive side, improvements in communications and the spread of information were critical to the collapse of the Iron Curtain. People learned what was happening in other countries, and understood that they did not have to live the way they were living, and the Iron Curtain fell. A broad range of critics is arrayed on the other side. Among them are academics, opinion leaders, individuals and groups who see their interests being affected by globalization, politicians, NGOs, and demonstrators – and these categories are not mutually exclusive. To listen to the debate in the terms each side paints the other, who believes that all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds, and those who believe that the world is going to hell in a hand basket. That is doubly misleading. In the first place, many of those who regard themselves as pro-globalization know that there is far too much misery in the world, that there are many wrongs to be righted in the global economy, and that it could be made to operate much better. And on the other side, many – but not all – of the critics are not against globalization. Rather, from NGOs demonstrating for further debt relief and campaigning for greater access of developing country exports to industrialized country markets, to academic critics questioning current policy views, many are seeking a better and fairer globalization.